The proposed

clustering scheme includes an initial clustering stage and a cluster

maintaining stage. The Doppler shifts associated with periodically

exchanged Hello packets between neighboring nodes are used

to estimate their relative speeds, and the estimation results are

utilized as the basic information inMPBC. In the initial clustering

stage, the nodes having the smallest relative mobility in their

neighborhoods are selected as the CHs. In the cluster maintaining

stage, mobility prediction strategies are introduced to handle the

various problems caused by node movements, such as possible

association losses to current CHs and CH role changes, for extending

the connection lifetime and providingmore stable clusters